Suchergebnisse

Purpose – The aim of the article is to assess the value of European funds in communes in the financial perspectives 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, broken down into individual types of communes and in regional terms. Research method – The analysis was carried out on the basis of data generated from a local data bank using literature and program documents. The article was written on the basis of the value of European funds in the financial perspectives 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. Results – The conducted analysis shows the continued domination, both in the financial perspective 2007–2013 and in the 2014–2020 financial perspective, of municipalities in terms of the value of projects implemented in municipalities. It is visible both nationally and regionally. The regional approach does not show any fundamental changes in the share of individual voivodeships in the value of funds, taking into account financial perspectives examined. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – The issue of spending European funds by local government units is often discussed in the literature. However, the article focuses on the presentation of urban, rural and urban‑rural communes, presenting data on two EU financial perspectives. The article contains a regional analysis of the study area, graphically presenting the share of European funds in individual types of communes in each voivodship.

The article is an attempt to re-enactment the unknown part of Maria Sieroszewska life. She was a daughter of Wacław Sieroszewski (1858–1945), the Polish man who was exiled to Siberia and Arina Czełba-Kysa (1860–1886), an Yackut woman who came from Wierchojańsk. Maria was a half-orphan. When she was a five-years-old-girl, her mother died. When she was sixteen years old, her father came back to Poland and left her with his friends in Czarist Russia. Maria grew up in the area that contained three cultures: Polish, Russian and Sakha. Her life exemplifies the dramatic fate of children whose parents were from two other countries (mother was from Asia, father came from Europe) in that time.

The article analyzes contemporary examples of stereotyping of (young) women with the help of label nominations. The indicated neologisms, labeling particular groups of people, duplicate and consolidate in the social opinion negative and – usually – deprecating judgments, contributing to the formation of stereotypes. The new labels (such as bedoesiara, julka, karyna, konserwatywka, and madka) result from expressive and valorizing cognitive simplifications. An emotional and humorous element dominate them because they are based on specific, emotional reactions to contact with the so-called typical units (cf. typical julka, typical rzepiara, typical madka). These neologisms, by labelling given groups of people, reproduce and reinforce in social opinion negative and, usually, biased judgments, which results in new stereotypes.

The author focuses on presenting the linguistic images of the disease established in Polish folk culture. She analyzes various linguistic data (from names to texts) that testify to traces of old beliefs regarding the perception of individual ailments as living beings, especially women. The article also discusses the primary causes of the disease anthropomorphization.

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to show the methodological approach in the works of Gunnar Myrdal, with particular emphasis on the publication of The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory [Myrdal, 2017] – a leading theoretical and methodological work, as well as including the main methodological divisions in economics and the evolution of the Myrdal`s concept in the analysed substantive scope. Research method – In the article uses the descriptive and comparative analyses were used. Results – Myrdal reinforced the arguments of heterodox economists in the context of the symbolic `fight for recognition` of the methodology of mainstream critics. He developed a pragmatic element of economics, which in turn influences the style of teaching economics and conducting scientific research at world universities.

The issue of ZofiaRomanowiczówna's legacy, very important and little-known, enters the area of research both in the field of biographical, historiography and women studies. Zofia Romanowiczówna's activity in many associations, in this case Teachers Association in Lviv and Society of Women Frugality, are not sufficiently researched. The activity she undertook can be found on the references located in Historical State Archives in Lviv and Stefanyk National Science Library. The analysis of the references of Romanowiczówna's legacy enabled me to show the women associations in Lviv and involvement of this Lviv woman, which was deter mined by her huge patriotism and willingness to help, but also by desire to examine her involvement in the women associations in Lviv.

The following article will show social and cultural life on the pages of the weekly Walczymy o Stal [We Fight for Steel]. Author has analysed the content of the periodical published between 1953–1956 and presented examples of the regional press of the Kielce region published at that time. The analysis shows that the main center of cultural life was the Company's Culture House, which was the central hub of all cultural events. Besides, the Company's House of Culture, its activities also led institutions such as the Ostrowiec Workers' House, Factory Club, the Housing Culture Center, libraries and cinemas.

The patriarchal family model, promoted by religious institutions, was the most prevalent in the rural areas. Role models, associated with patriarchal family, promoted in the catholic press, exposed features of men, such as resourcefulness, care for his wife and home, meanwhile, for women, these were features such as economy, kindness, care for her children and husband. People looked for future wives and husbands among neighbours, neighbouring villages and in the nearest area. Within traditional rural areas, basic criteria of marriage was the size of the lands owned by the families of the spouses, as well as owned money capital. Love and mutual attraction were desired but not required in this model. Those, who managed to combine "decent" conditions of the future marriage with elation of heart, were considered the lucky ones. Introducing couples by matchmakers, friends or family members had to guarantee "choosable" choices. Religious concept of marriage assumed that procreation is its main objective. It disregarded divorce and considered conscious maternity inconsistent with catholic morality. In practice, Catholics didn't obey behaviour models promoted by the Church. Church's ethical principles about the binding nature of marriage and the ones banning living without entering marriage, weren't fully respected. Based on the survey conducted among priests in diocese of Kielce regarding family morality among congregation in years 192–1929, we learn that in just a few parishes self-willed separations and living without marriage were observed. The main reason behind separations were property issues, irreconcilable differences, infertility, illness or brutality of one of the spouses. Also, ban imposed on birth planning and control wasn't generally respected. All of the above proves changes that were taking place in marriage and family relations in peasant families during inter-war period.

Maria Wysłouchowa was the most distinguished Polish political activist of people's, cultural and female movement in 19th and 20th century. She is the author of many historical works, a translator and popularizer slavic literature. Most part of her life she spent on editing socio-literary magazines which comprised a tie between Lviv intelligentsia and unaware peasants. Wysłouchowa's endeavours set a way to democratization public life in Galicia.

Tematem artykułu jest wizerunek kobiety na łamach prasy zakładowej "Walczymy o Stal" w okresie PRL w latach 1951–1956. Autorka poddała analizie prasoznawczej periodyk "Walczymy o Stal" za lata 1953–1956. W artykule przyjęto odmienne ramy czasowe (1951–1956), gdyż zebrany materiał pozwolił autorce szerzej zbadać temat kobiet na łamach prasy zakładowej. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że w latach 50. XX w. kształtował się wzorzec kobiety przodownicy pracy, przekraczającej normy, biorącej udział we współzawodnictwie na rzecz partii i zakładu.